The Different Types of Jewish Heritage
Ashkenazi Jews (Ashkenazim) are Jews from Germany, France and Eastern Europe. Germany also became called “Ashkenaz” in Hebrew. Most American Jews today are Ashkenazim, descended from those who arrived from Europe in the mid-1800s and early 1900s. Ashkenazi Jews lived more in poverty in Eastern Europe than their Sephardic brethren who were allowed to hold more jobs and do more business in North Africa (which is also why Ashkenazi immersed themselves more richly in religion than being busy with occupations).
Sephardic Jews (Sepharadim) are Jews of “Spanish Origin” – from Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East. Sepharad means “Spain”. When Muslim rule ended in 1942 and the new Catholic rulers decreed that Jews and Muslims must convert to Catholicism or leave (the “Spanish Inquisition”), the Sephardic Jews fled.
Mizrahi Jews are a subdivision of Sephardim, specifically from the Middle East. Mizrahi in Hebrew means “Eastern” or “Oriental”. They are mostly from modern Iraq (Babylonia), Iran (Persia) and Yemen. Also includes Bukharan Jews (from modern day Uzbekistan and Tijikistan), Syrian, and Lebanese.
Ethiopian Jews are a much smaller subset, yet still ancient (15 centuries at least), of Jewish people
Fashion
Kippah (Yamulke) is the round covering that men wear on their heads in order to state that they fear (respect) G-d. Any type of hat would also do in order to fulfill this role. Required during prayer but the more religious wear them at all times in order to distinguish themselves from non-Jews.
Tzitzit are the white fringes (tassles) that hang out of men’s shirts by their sides (four corners of the undershirt). The number of knots is equivalent to 600, which signifies the 613 commandments in the Torah (248 positive “Mitzvot” commandments and 365 negative “thou shalt not” commandments). They are not worn during shabbat.
Food
Ashkenazi dishes use fewer components, and spices were used more sparingly, which is why the cuisine is more bland than Sephardic or Mizrahi dishes. Other differences include rice being considered kosher for Passover by the Sephardim as it is a staple in their diet (e.g. couscous).
Challah bread is a traditional bread baked in a braided shape, eaten on Shabbat and holidays, and while creating it a portion is separated and ceremoniously offered as tithe to the Kohen. Usually it is served as a pair of loaves which signifies the manna that fell from the heavens to feed the Jews while the Israelites wandered the desert after the Exodus, and also may signify the two tablets of the commandments. As the Torah gives us sustenance and energy, as too does the bread. The twelve strands created by the braids may signify the Twelve Tribes or the twelve loaves offered at the Temple in Jerusalem. It is baked in a circular shape for Rosh Hashanah to symbolize the cycle of the year.
Cholent (Sephardi chamin) is a slow-cooked meat stew that is popularly made for Shabbat (and left on the stove to be kept warm for the entirety of Shabbat). Moroccan dafina, or skhina, is a similar stew. The word cholent probably comes from the French chaud-lent (warm slowly). Probably started in Israel as chamim with lamb and goat and chickpeas, and was changed to beef and barley, and eventually potato instead of chickpeas. Moroccan differs meat, chickpeas, beans, dates, and whole eggs, cooked with wheat berries and rice, onions / garlic / cumin and the grains are separated with different spices in different cheesecloth packages. Dafina means buried or covered.
Chopped Liver – In the Ancient World, the liver was thought of as the soul of man because there was so much blood in it. Leviticus – Blood is life so you must remove blood from everything you eat (including the Liver).
Fish and Chips may have actually invented by Polish Jews in Holland, frying the fish so it lasts into shabbat (can’t cook).
Gefilte Fish – In the Talmud, it says you must have a little bit of fish for shabbat. Homemade can be delicious while the canned tastes like sand. Jews originally put white horseradish on it (from Northern France and Southern Germany) and as they went East they found red horseradish that is sweeter and in Poland represents the blood of Christ (also served on Easter). White fish, mullet, or pike could be used. Fish is deboned beforehand because separating bones is prohibited on the Sabbath.
Jachnun – Israeli-Yemenite thinly rolled pastry dough spread with butter and baked all night with whole eggs.
Kugel – Baked pudding or casserole made with eggs and various ingredients, including noodles, potatoes, or spinach. Before Jerusalem (noodle) Kugel, it was salty and peppery. When the Gaon of Vilna came to Jerusalem, his followers decided to add a little sugar for the sweetness of the Sabbath (it caramelizes). Yapchik (yaptzik) is kugel with meat (such as pastrami, or minute or flanken steak)
Kimmel Bread – Rye bread with caraway seeds on top
Kishka – Sausagelike mixture of meat, flour, and spices stuffed into intestine casing and baked
Knish – Eastern European dumpling with thin dough filled with potato, kasha, onion, meat, and/or other ingredients
Kreplach – Meat-stuffed dumplings usually served in soup; Jewish wontons
Mofletta – Sephardic people, specifically the Moroccan-Jewish, are well known to cook mofletta (greasy fried pancakes) for Mimouna, the day after Passover).
Manischewitz – Sweet brand of wine often used by American Jews for ritual purposes
Rugelach – Bite-size crescent-shaped pastries, rolled around a variety of fillings, including chopped raisins and walnuts, apple, raspberry, [chocolate] or mun, topped with a sprinkling of cinnamon and sugar
Salt dipping and always on table – Talmud says to add taste to bread for it to qualify for a blessing. Kabbalists say our table is like an altar (salt brings out the flavor = sincerity, and preserves = not a transitory moment. honey not allowed on altar because it would hide the flavor of the meat). In old days, bread was your only utensil and it didn’t taste good, but you shouldn’t make a blessing with something that doesn’t taste good. It is not a meal if salt isn’t at the table. Also salt symbolizes the eternal bond between God and Israel.
Soups are popular in Jewish cuisine, even soup mit nisht (soup with nothing) – meaning without meat or fat, made by the impoverished Jewish peoples. But chicken soup “Jewish penicillin” (cure for the common cold) is popular for special occasions like Shabbat, and Matzo ball soup for Passover (including the knaidel – matzah balls).
Culture specific dishes – Morocco (Couscous, Moroccan Cigars, Fish meatballs in tomato sauce, Mufleta, Sfenj/Beignet – Morroccan doughnut, Taktouka Salad, Harira soup – tomato lentil chickpea soup), Libya (Aharaimi / Chraimi – spicy fish tomato sauce stew), Tunisia (Harissa – hot chili pepper paste), Israel (Israeli salad)
Jewish Films and Media in Popular Culture
Fiddler on the Roof – Both a Film and a Musical, Fiddler on the Roof demonstrates the dangers of how deviations from tradition and faith can break apart a family.
Secular Theories of Jewish Kosher Tradition
Jews avoid non-kosher food (treif). As early as the time of the Maccabees (167 B.C.E.), there are stories of Jews forced to eat pork by Syrian oppressors and Jews chose to die instead of disobey the Torah.
One theory of the reason behind Kosher (Kashrut) food is that partaking in meals with others is an intimate experience. The creators of the rules wanted Jews to only eat with other Jews.
Another theory of kosher food, specifically regarding the rule of not eating dairy and meat together is that the absorption of iron from meat is blocked by dairy. This may cause iron deficiency anemia, meaning that there are red blood cells, due to too little iron in the body, are unable to carry enough oxygen to body tissues. This may leave you tired and short of breath. Also, pork may cause trichinosis.
The labeling of food as either fleishig (meat) or pareve (no dairy or meat ingredients) helps people avoid dairy (milchig) if they are lactose intolerant or have dairy allergies. It also helps people maintain vegetarianism.
Other reasons for eating kosher food besides the above (dairy allergies or vegetarianism) include: you grew up doing it, kosher-observant people can eat in your home, the food development process is looked after by a supervisor (mashgiach) thus is expected to be more sanitary, ritual slaughter (shechita) is supposedly better for animal welfare (animals suffer less), preserve Jewish tradition and identity, and finally, because the Torah dictates so as religious mandate. Maybe if it was due to sanitary conditions, refrigerators and homogenized milk and airtight containers, Jews wouldn’t have required kashrut?
Israel-Palestine Conflict
In defense of Israel’s side in the conflict, see below points – (Source: Fuel-For-Truth)
- In peace talks, Israel gives to Palestinians land and rights to build in settlements (concessions that are not reversible) while Palestinians only give temporary concessions (i.e. disarmament/demilitarizing, diplomatic concessions of saying they will own responsibility for the terrorists in their territory). However, terrorists fill that land. When Israel starts making retaliatory attacks, the West doesn’t let them go back in and clean up the terrorists. If Israel does re-invade, Palestine has “reason” to re-militarize further. The Israeli right said for many years, “We lose control over places when we give concessions. Not only do we not get in better shape with concessions, but things get much worse.”
- Jordan even doesn’t want Israelis to leave Jordan Valley (would be less safe and less peaceful).
- Palestine would be a failed state. They:
– Lack political institutions,
– Lack financial economic institutions,
– Hold no monopoly over violence in their territory (substate militias run uncontrolled),
– Are divided between 2 places/governments (Hamas in Gaza and Fatah in West Bank, and cultures are different – the Palestinian Gazans are culturally like Egyptians, while West Bank Palestinian culture closer to Jordanian). - Until 2005, nobody talked about settlements being bad, because they made the area safer.
- Israel grants Arabs citizenship but in Palestine, Arabs don’t recognize Jews as citizens.
Jokes
Rashi joke – His wife comes down in the prettiest dress she’s ever worn for dinner, he compliments her “You look fantastic, but the shoes, they don’t match”. She says “Must you comment on everything?”
What’s the difference between a Jew and a Frenchman? The Frenchman leaves without saying goodbye, and a Jew says goodbye but never leaves.
What’s the difference between an Orthodox, Conservative and Reform wedding? In the Conservative wedding, the bride is pregnant. In the Orthodox wedding, the mother is pregnant. In the Reform wedding, the Rabbi is pregnant.
Answer a question with a question
The correct answer to a Rabbi’s question is always “It depends”
A rabbi, a priest and a cardinal are sitting on a bench. Jesus walks by and asks if there was anything I can do for them. The cardinal says “I have a sick Aunt could you pray for her?” The priest asks “Could you please heal my foot I have cancer in my foot.” The Rabbi says “Please don’t touch me, I’m on disability.”
Let’s not forget, Jesus was Jewish. Because he really loved his mother.
Slang (Yiddish & Hebrew)
Achi — My brother, my dude
Achla — Cool
Achoti — My sister, my girl
Alephbet — Hebrew alphabet
Aufruf — Groom is called up (aaliyah) to the Torah the Shabbat before the wedding
Bageling — Inserting a Jewish word or refer to subtly let someone know you are Jewish or to determine whether the other person is Jewish
Balaboosta — An impressively skilled homemaker
Baruch Hashem — Thank God
Bashert — Predestined soul mate
Bench — To recite a blessing such as grace after meals. Prayer book is also called “Bencher”
Betayavone — Bon Appetit
Bissel (bisl)— A little bit, as in “I just want to eat a bissel right now.”
Blech — A hotplate to keep food warm during Shabbat without doing work
Bli neder — “Without vowing” – said to cover oneself if one will be unable to fulfill a casual promise in the future
Bochur — Young unmarried male such as a yeshiva student (bachelor)
Bracha — Blessing
Bris — Circumcision ceremony
Bubbale — Sweetie, darling (term of endearment)
Bubbe (bubby) — Grandmother
Bupkis — Nothing
By — At the house of, with, or at a location. E.g. I stayed by the Goldsteins (I stayed over their house for the weekend)
Chag Sameach — Happy holiday
Chavruta — Learning partner (e.g. religious texts)
Chazan — Official at Synagogue leading the congregation in prayer and song
Chutzpah — Nerve, extreme arrogance, brazen presumption, confidence, as in “It took real chutzpah for him to ask for a raise when he kept showing up late for every appointment.”
Cohen — A male descendant of the family of Aaron of tribe Levi
Daven — To pray
Dvar Torah — Giving a talk about the Torah, especially during shabbat
Eruv — The wiring around a community that allows Jews to carry items in the neighborhood during Shabbat (performing some work)
Esh — Fire/Awesome
Farbrangen — A religious gathering or celebration
Frum — Religious, orthodox, observant. FFB — Frum from birth
Gam zu l’toyve — This too is for the best.
Gedolim — Gedol means “great” – signifying the most influential Jewish thinkers (usually Rabbis).
Geshmak — Delicious, delightful
Haftorah — Reading from the biblical book of Prophets that is recited in synagogue immediately following the reading of the Torah
Halacha — Jewish law
Heimish — Cozy, homey, such as the feeling derived from being in the presence of a friendly welcoming Jewish family
Hi-oosh or Bi-oosh — Informal way of saying hi or bye
Holeh/met alecha — I like you a lot (“I’m sick about you” / “I die for you”)
Im yirtzeh hashem — God willing (used when describing the future)
Kallah — Bride
Kindelah — Children (or kinder)
Kiruv — “To touch”- attempt to make others more religious
Klutz — A clumsy person
Kol hakavod — Great job
Kumzits — Sing-along; campfire gathering with song
Kvell — To experience pride in someone else, typically one’s children
Kvetch — To complain, whine or fret
L’chaim — Toast to life
L’dor v’dor — “From generation to generation,” meaning the passing of traditions.
L’havdil — Separation of the holy and the normal or mundane.
Labriut — “To the health – thanking one for a meal or after a sneeze
Lashon hara — “Evil tongue” – gossip
Lo mashu — Not great
Ma nishma? — What’s up?
Machatunim — In laws
Mah pitom — No way!
Maidel — Girl. Shayna maidel – pretty girl or Shayna punim – pretty face.
Mamaleh — “Little mama” – young girl
Mazel [tov] — Congratulations or [good] luck
Mensch (mentsch) — Literally “man,” an honorable, decent, stand-up person, as in, “I don’t care who you marry, as long as he’s a mensch.”
Meshuggeneh — Crazy, ridiculous, insane, as in, “He must be meshuggeneh to think he can wear that getup to a funeral.” (A related word is mishegoss, or craziness.)
Mi ismah? — Not a big deal “Who will hear?”
Mishpocheh (mishpokhe, mishpucha) — Family, or someone who is “like family”
Motek/Mami — Honey / Sweetheart
Nicht shabbos geret — Forbidden subjects during shabbat
Nigun — A wordless melody (tune)
Neshama — Soul
Nosh — To eat or nibble, as in “I’d like something to nosh on before dinner.” Can also be used as a noun to mean any kind of food or snack.
Oy vey — An expression of woe, as in “Oy vey, we left the gefilte fish at the grocery store!”
Pa’am shlishit, glida — “Third time, ice cream” meaning bumping into another person a lot, might as well grab an ice cream
Pizootz — Explosion/Cool
Pshh — Exclamation of respect
Putz — A jerk, or a self-made fool, but this word literally means penis.
Rebetzin — Wife of a rabbi
Savfta — Grandmother. Savtadik – Something that reminds one favorably of grandmother or something that earns her approval.
Shalom Aleichem — A greeting “peace be upon you” with response being “Aleichem Shalom”
Schlep — To carry or travel with difficulty, as in “We shlepped here all the way from New Jersey.”
Schmo or Schlemiel — Idiot
Schlimazel — Unlucky person
Schluff — Nap
Schmear — To spread e.g. cream cheese over a bagel
Schmooze (shmooze) — Chat, make small talk, converse about nothing in particular or informally or to network
Schmuck (shmuck) — A jerk, or a self-made fool, but this word literally means penis.
Schvitz — Sweat or steam bath
Shande (shanda, shonda) — A scandal, embarrassment.
Shecht — To ritually slaughter meat according to laws of kosher
Sheitel — Wig worn by orthodox women
Shidduch — A date or match made by a matchmaker
Shiksa — Non-Jewish girl
Shmatte — A rag or old garment.
Shnoz — A large unattractive nose
Shomer — Keeper, for example: of kosher, shabbat, or negiya
Shtark — Very strictly religious
Shuckle — To “shake” – sway back and forth during prayer
Shul — Synagogue
Sof haderech — Awesome “end of the road”
Spiel — Speech
Tachlis —Nuts and bolts, practical, concrete matters. Purpose.
Tchotchke (tchatchke) — Knick-knack, little toy, collectible or giftware.
Tikkun Olam — Helping the world
Toivel — Immerse dishes in a ritual bath to kosher them.
Tuches (tuchis) — Butt, behind, sometimes shortened to tush or tushy.
Upsherin — First haircut of a three year old
Vort — An engagement party
Yasher koach — Good job!
Yiddishkeit — Jewishness
Yoffi — Beauty but in slang it means “that’s great” or “way to go”
Yom tov — Good day – either a greeting or a holiday
Yontif — A Jewish holiday, usually where work is prohibited unlike chol hamoed – intermediate holiday where work is allowed
Zayde (zaidie) — Grandfather
Slang (Arabic)
Achla — Great
Alek — “Yeah, right”
Fadicha — A mistake
Habibi/Habibti — My dear
Halas — Enough
Mapsoot — To be happy with something
Sababa — Cool
Walla — Wow
Yalla — Let’s go
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Hebrew
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Historical Timeline
Before Common Era (BCE) 3760 – According to Maimonides, the world was created, and in 3761 Adam and Eve, the first man and first woman,